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Pewter Inkstand

An inkstand was a receptacle for pen, ink, and other writing accessories which would have been needed in the rooms throughout the Capitol where many documents were being created and signed into law. Inkstands were often made of silver, pewter, or ceramic. This is a pewter inkstand which included two inkwells that allowed for both black and red ink to be used on these legal documents. In between the two inkwells was a pewter pounce box. Pounce was a powdered gum that helped fix ink to the paper and was often sprinkled onto the document after it was written to prevent the ink from smudging. There is also a lidded compartment that would allow the user to store writing equipment such as sealing wax, quills, pen knife, and seals.

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Wooden Books

This room is a working room and is dominated at one end by a large desk and bookcase, which acted as a kind of workstation for Richard Charlton. A 1779 probate inventory of the estate for Charlton lists a number of books on philosophy, history, and astronomy were in his possession. In order to recreate his desk and bookcase that looked as though Charlton had just set down his books it had to be furnished appropriately. As we did not want to display rare books in this room which can easily be damaged by UV light, we created a versions out of wood working closely with our Historic Trades bookbinders. The spines of the books accurately recreate books listed on Charlton’s probate inventory. They were copied almost exactly from original volumes in Colonial Williamsburg’s Special Collection housed in the John D. Rockefeller library.

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Paint Samples

Over 100 paint samples were taken from the surviving 18th-century Coffeehouse fragments in the collection, including window sash, door architraves, and interior moldings. Paint analysts examined the samples and used their findings to inform the paint colors seen on the exterior and interior of the reconstructed building.

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Tea Box

We spend a considerable amount of time hiding modern necessities and conveniences to keep our guests, staff, collections, and buildings comfortable and safe. Environmental control is an important part of this. The tea crate seen here is based on one in Colonial Williamsburg’s collections and was recreated and adapted to serve as the return for the environmental control system.

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Williamsburg and Coffeehouses

Williamsburg, although important as the capital of the wealthy and populous colony of Virginia, could not support the variety of specialized coffeehouses that thrived in London. In 1775, Williamsburg’s population amounted to about 2,000 (over half of whom were enslaved African Americans), whereas the inhabitants of London numbered 675,000. Historical evidence suggestions that at any one time, there was only a single coffeehouse operating in Williamsburg. Throughout the 18th century, the location and owners of the establishments changed.

The earliest reference to a coffeehouse in Williamsburg dates to 1709, when William Byrd II, a member of the House of Burgess, mentioned one located at the east end of Duke of Gloucester street near the Capitol. He went to the coffeehouse for drinks, meals, meetings, the latest newspapers, and card games. Such activities show the close resemblance to coffeehouses in London. Unfortunately, we know neither the exact location nor the proprietor’s name, but clearly the customers at this Williamsburg coffeehouse were mostly burgesses, councilors, and others who worked at the Capitol.

By the 1740s, another coffeehouse, again noted in the diary of William Byrd II, was in operation in Williamsburg. In 1751, the tenant at what is now Shields Tavern called his business the English Coffee House.

By the 1760s, a new coffeehouse was established by Richard Charlton near the Capitol, in an area called the Exchange, where merchants met to set prices of tobacco and to conduct business.

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Cupboard

This cupboard is a copy of a type produced in the James River Valley. The reproduction was made by Colonial Williamsburg’s Historic Trades working with traditional techniques. The inside of the cupboard was painted with Prussian blue paint to highlight the ceramics.

All the objects in the case are based on archaeological fragments of dinner wares and indicate how the room functioned. These include a ceramics indicating high end three-course meals, the drinking of coffee and tea, as well as alcohol like punch. Chinese export porcelain from 1765 came from a British coffeepot, with coffee cups the size of modern espresso cups.

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Showglass

Richard Charlton’s 1779 probate inventory indicates he owned a “show glass.” Show glasses were display cases featuring objects and curiosities from around the world. In an enlightenment world seeking new knowledge, the Coffeehouse was a center of its communication. Sometimes tickets would be sold to lectures held in this room. In this display case there are many examples of Virginia wildlife and fossils. These include a Virginia diamond back rattlesnake, and the skulls of an American Black bear and bald eagle. It also includes a copy of an insect in amber, made by our conservators for guests to touch.

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Hidden Emergency Lights

While we want to present an accurate 18th century interior, we also want to keep visitors and staff safe. Behind this panel is emergency lighting that will automatically flip open and illuminate the space if power is lost. Highly skilled staff blend elements like these into the surrounding finishes throughout the Historic Area.

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Speaker's Chair

Few objects better illustrate the profoundly deferential and hierarchical nature of colonial society in the South than ceremonial chairs, forms that literally and figuratively elevated the leaders of governmental, fraternal, and religious organizations above the crowd.

In concept, the chair is a direct descendant of the canopied thrones used by early European monarchs and the covered chairs of British legislative and judicial leaders.

The Speaker's chair was placed on an elevated platform at one end of the Hall of the House of Burgesses, while the representatives sat on built-in wooden benches.

The first reference to a chair for the Speaker of the House of Burgesses dates from 1703 when the Virginia legislature ordered "a large Armed Chair for the Speaker to sit in, and cushion stuft with hair Suitable to it."

Edmund Randolph noted that the chair was formerly adorned with "a frontispiece commemorative of the relation between the mother country and colony," i.e., the royal arms were in or surmounted the pediment. Similar devices were applied to English chairs, and physical evidence on the hood of this one demonstrates that a large device of unknown form had been mounted in that location. Tradition holds that the original coat of arms was removed and destroyed during the Revolution.

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CONTACT:

E-mail: Info@loremipsum.com

Web: www.loremipsum.com

Tlf.: +11 111 111 111

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CONTACT

LOREM IPSUM

CONTACT:

E-mail: Info@loremipsum.com

Web: www.loremipsum.com

Tlf.: +11 111 111 111

Address: line 1

Address line 2

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Coffeehouse

Bricks

After the Coffeehouse was dismantled in the 1880s, a new house was built on the site. The new house sat on 50% of the 1750s foundation, with the remaining portion built using recycled bricks from the Coffeehouse chimney and other areas of the original cellar. In the early phases of the reconstruction, the 1880s foundation was dismantled with each brick being studied for potential evidence of what the original Coffeehouse looked like. The recovered bricks revealed the shape of the chimneys, angles of the flues, the addition of the fireplace in the coffee room, shapes of the fireboxes, hearths, and much more. They even revealed the fingerprints of the 1750s brickmakers.

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Speaker's Chair

In concept, the chair is a direct descendant of the canopied thrones used by early European monarchs and the covered chairs of British legislative and judicial leaders.

The Speaker's chair was placed on an elevated platform at one end of the Hall of the House of Burgesses, while the representatives sat on built-in wooden benches.

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Nails

1 & 2 L-Head Brads

Used for finish work the L-Head brad is usually small and slender. These nails were used to secure mitered joints, especially on door and window architraves and backbands, as well as on some of the mantel work. The two sizes are for different applications, as the nail is to be at least 2 ½ times the length of the piece it is passing through. Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths made approximately 200 of these nails for the Coffeehouse project.

3. Headless Brad

Original nails of this type were found in Coffeehouse floor joists, which were reused in the Armistead house. Architectural fragments indicate that this type of nails was used exclusively for flooring. Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths made approximately 5,000 of these nails for the Coffeehouse project.

4. T-Head Nail

T-head nails were used when the nail head needed to be driven below the wood surface. These nails will be seen in almost all finish woodwork, with the majority used to attach the sheathing in the southwest room. Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths made approximately 5,000 of these nails for the Coffeehouse project.

5. Rose Head Nail

Rose head nails are seen throughout the Coffeehouse. These nails are primarily used to attach siding and some framing. Colonial Williamsburg blacksmiths made approximately 5,600 of these nails for the Coffeehouse project.

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Account Book

This is a reproduction of an account book of the type Richard Charlton would have used to conduct business. We did not have a surviving account book for Richard Charlton, but we did have the next best thing; an original account book from his brother, wigmaker Edward Charlton. Here we have reproduced two pages from the original. Our talented colleagues from Colonial Williamsburg’s Historic Trades made an exact copy, and traced the writing from the actual book so it looks exactly like the original, even down to using reproduction writing equipment and following the recipe to make authentic iron gall ink.

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Pewter Inkstand

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Betty Randolph

(1723-1783)

Portrait of Elizabeth ("Betty") Harrison Randolph (Mrs. Peyton Randolph)*( (ca. 1724-1783) oil-on-canvas portrait painted by John Wollaston ca. 1755-1758. Reproduced photographically for Colonial Williamsburg with permission from Virginia Museum of History and Culture (VMHC), Richmond, Virginia.

Elizabeth Randolph, later known as ‘Betty,’ was born about 1723, daughter of the wealthy Benjamin Harrison of Berkeley Plantation, Charles City Virginia, and his wife Anne Carter, daughter of Robert “King” Carter. Her mother died about 1744, and her father and two sisters died in July 1745 when they were struck by lightning at Berkeley. Betty was about 22 when she married Peyton Randolph in March 1745/6. During the course of their 30-year marriage the couple did not have children, but they appear to have helped raise Betty’s orphaned brothers, as well as some of her siblings’ children. Betty died in 1783, aged about 60, and is buried with the remains of her husband in the Chapel of the College of William and Mary.

*note: staffs at CW and the VMHC agree to disagree on the portrait subject's identity; the VMHC has kindly allowed CWF to identify and interpret the portrait according to its own (CW's) rationale. VMHC staff believe that its POR927.19, a Wollaston portrait of a woman in a gold dress, more likely represents Mrs. Peyton Randolph (Elizabeth ["Betty"] Harrison) (1724-1783).

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Peyton Randolph

(1721-1775)

Portrait of Peyton Randolph (ca. 1721-1775) oil-on-canvas portrait painted by John Wollaston ca. 1755-1758. Reproduced photographically for Colonial Williamsburg with permission from Virginia Museum of History and Culture, Richmond, Virginia

Peyton Randolph was born around 1721 and moved to this house in Williamsburg when he was 3 or 4 years old. His father died when Peyton was about 16, and Peyton followed in his father's footsteps by attending William and Mary and traveled to England to study law. Randolph received an appointment as Virginia's Attorney General in May 1744. He married Betty Harrison, the daughter of Benjamin Harrison of Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County, in March 1745/6. It is likely that Peyton and Betty Randolph moved into the family house after their marriage.

Peyton Randolph rose to become Attorney General of Virginia Colony in 1744 and Speaker of the House of Burgesses in 1766. He chaired the first and second Continental Congresses (1774 & 1775 respectively). Randolph died of an "apoplectic stroke" in1775 aged 54. We have based the names of the enslaved at the on the inventory of his ‘property’ taken shortly after his death in 1776 which included the names of 27 enslaved individuals who lived at the Peyton Randolph House.

Like all slave holders in the 18th century, Peyton Randolph saw the people he enslaved as property. This excerpt from his will shows how he saw these people practically like currency:

“I do hereby empower my exrs. to sell my books & presses to pay my debts & if that is not sufficient to sell so many of the negroes as they think can be best spared from the use of the plantations to answer that purpose. . . .”

--Peyton Randolph, Last Will and Testament, 18 August 1774, York County Court Records

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HOUSE

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Warming Machine

Lord Botetourt, the royal governor of Virginia, ordered this cast-iron stove from London in 1770 to heat the hall of the House of Burgesses at the Capitol in Williamsburg. The device was decorated with fashionable ornament and symbolic imagery appropriate to its use. A notice in a London newspaper described the stove as "one of the most elegant warming machines...that ever was seen in this or any other kingdom."

The stove was taken to Richmond in 1780 when the seat of the new commonwealth's government moved there. It was used in the Richmond Capitol for some years, and was on display there as a historic artifact by the time of the Civil War. With the reconstruction of the colonial capitol in Williamsburg, the stove was placed on long-term loan to the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation in 1933.

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King William III

(1650-1702)

William was born in 1650 and inherited the title Duke of Orange. He reigned as King of Great Britain from 1689 to 1702. William and his wife Queen Mary were popular, they gave their name to the College of William and Mary established in 1693, and he gave his name to the city of Williamsburg established in 1699. In 1702, aged 52 William died of pneumonia brought on by a riding accident.

Painting by Willem Wissing

c. 1685

This painting shows William in martial style, with armor and baton of office. Wissing had previously studied under Peter Lely whose portraits of William II and Catherine, hang in Williamsburg’s Governor’s Palace.

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Warming Machine

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King William III

(1650-1702)

Painting by Willem Wissing

c. 1685

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Coffeehouse

Bricks

The statue of Governor Lord Botetourt stood on a pedestal in the Capitol building in Williamsburg, and was recorded in a watercolor illustration by Benjamin Latrobe in 1796. That image shows a circular base with a railing around the statue. These are fragments of from that base which indicate it was about 7 and a half inches tall and 11 feet wide. Holes in the stones suggest the placement for the railings. A carved line on the side of the stone delineates where it was buried in the floor of the logia. By using these actual fragments of the stone base, as well as a laser scan of a facsimile of the original statue, and the 1796 illustration, we were able to create a 3D render of how we think the statue looked in the 1776 Capitol. You can experience more of this reconstruction in Colonial Williamburg’s virtual tour of the Capitol with the link below.

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Pewter Inkstand

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William Randolph

(1651 - 1711)

Portrait of William Randolph (ca. 1651-1711) oil-on-canvas of uncertain date. Reproduced photographically for Colonial Williamsburg with permission from Virginia Museum of History and Culture (VMHC), Richmond, Virginia.

William Randolph I was born in England in 1650 the second son of an English Royalist gentry family. He emigrated to Virginia sometime between 1669 and 1673, dying aged 60 in 1711. In about 1676 he married Mary Isham, whose portrait is hung next to him here in the Peyton Randolph House. William Randolph I was Peyton Randolph’s grandfather. Randolph I was a tobacco planter and merchant, and as such had a large enslaved and indentured workforce. Randolph was also a trained lawyer, during his career rising to become Speaker of the House of Burgesses – a role his son John Randolph (Peyton Randolph’s father) and grandson Peyton Randolph were to also hold. More broadly, William Randolph I is seen as founding the Randolph dynasty that included Thomas Jefferson and Robert E. Lee. His dynasty also held hundreds of people in slavery to work tens of thousands of acres of land.

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Mary Isham Randolph (1658-1735)

Portrait of Mary Isham Randolph (Mrs. William Randolph)* oil-on-canvas of uncertain date. Reproduced photographically for Colonial Williamsburg with permission from Virginia Museum of History and Culture (VMHC), Richmond, Virginia.

Mary Isham was born in Henrico County, Virginia, around 1658, and was Peyton Randolph’s grandmother. She died in 1735 at the age of about 77. Mary Isham married William Randolph I in about 1676, whose portrait is hung next to her here in the Peyton Randolph House. She inherited estates in England and Virginia. During her life Mary had ten children, nine of whom survived to adulthood - Mary, William, Henry, Elizabeth, Isham, Thomas, Richard, John, and Edward. John was Peyton Randolph’s father.

*note: There is a possibility that this portrait actually represents Elizabeth Beverley Randolph (Mrs. William Randolph II).

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Queen Anne

(1665-1714)

Anne was born in 1665, and in 1683 she married Prince George of Denmark at the age of 18.

In 1702 Anne came to the throne as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. In 1707 she united the three countries in an “Act of Union” entitling them Great Britain. Anne was troubled with illness throughout her life and died at the age of 49 in 1714.

Painting by Michael Dahl - c. 1702

The picture shows Anne with her left hand on the symbols of authority and power, the orb, scepter, and crown.

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Betty Randolph

(1723 - 1783)

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Peyton Randolph

(1721 - 1775)

Like all slave holders in the 18th century, Peyton Randolph saw the people he enslaved as property. This excerpt from his will shows how he saw these people practically like currency:

--Peyton Randolph, Last Will and Testament, 18 August 1774, York County Court Records

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Queen Anne

(1665-1714)

Anne was born in 1665, and in 1683 she married Prince George of Denmark at the age of 18.

Painting by Michael Dahl

c. 1702

The picture shows Anne with her left hand on the symbols of authority and power, the orb, scepter, and crown.

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King William III

(1650-1702)

Painting by Peter Lely - c. 1677

This painting shows William in martial style, with armor and baton of office. Lely had previously painted Charles II and Catherine, portraits which hang in Williamsburg’s Governor’s Palace.

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King William III

(1650-1702)

Painting by Peter Lely

c. 1677

This painting shows William in martial style, with armor and baton of office. Lely had previously painted Charles II and Catherine, portraits which hang in Williamsburg’s Governor’s Palace.

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King William III

(1650-1702)

Painting by Peter Lely - c. 1677

This painting shows William in martial style, with armor and baton of office. Lely had previously painted Charles II and Catherine, portraits which hang in Williamsburg’s Governor’s Palace.

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Governor's Chair - ca.

1750

Upholstered mahogany ceremonial armchair probably made in the 1750s for the royal governor of Virginia to use at the Capitol in Williamsburg. Although it can only be documented to the Richmond Capitol in 1788, the chair's form and long association with the Speaker's chair (See House of Burgesses) leave little doubt about its connection with Virginia's colonial government. Exactly where the chair was used in the colonial Capitol is unclear, but the governor's council chamber is a credible location. After 1776 the chair was used as the "Chair of the Speaker of the Senate," the body that succeeded the royal governor's Council after independence was declared in 1775.

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Floorplan

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floorplan/

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CONTACT

INFO

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Governor's Chair ca. 1750

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PANORAMA LIST

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Panorama List

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Nails

1 & 2 L-Head Brads

3. Headless Brad

4. T-Head Nail

5. Rose Head Nail

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Tea Box

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Account Book

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Showglass

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Wooden Books

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Hidden Emergency Lights

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Williamsburg and Coffeehouses

By the 1760s, a new coffeehouse was established by Richard Charlton near the Capitol, in an area called the Exchange, where merchants met to set prices of tobacco and to conduct business.

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Lord Botetourt Statue Render

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Coffeehouse

Bricks

Text about the Bricks...

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Cupboard

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Queen Charlotte

(1744-1818)

Sophia Charlotte was the youngest daughter of the Duke and Princes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, a Dutchy of the Holy Roman Empire in modern-day northern Germany. At the age of 17 she married George III in 1761, becoming Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (subsequently queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) until her death at the age of 74 in 1818.

Painting by Allan Ramsay

c. 1770

A full-length portrait showing Queen Charlotte in robes of state, turned slightly to the viewer's right, and standing beside a classical column, her proper left hand resting on her crown which, in turn, rests on a cushion on a draped table. She stands on a slight dais covered in an elaborately figured carpet. Her proper right arm hangs at her side, her fingers loosely clasping the edge of her robe. Her train is spread behind her, resting on a throne to the left. Tasseled drapery fills the upper left corner of the composition.

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Queen Charlotte

(1744-1818)

Painting by Allan Ramsay

c. 1770

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King George III

(1738-1820)

At the age of 23 George William Frederick became George III King of Great Britain and King of Ireland on 25 October 1760, four days after his father’s death. Forty-one years later, after the union of Ireland and Great Britain, on January 1st, 1801 George III became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He remained under this title until his death at the age of 81 on 29th January 1820.

Painting by Allan Ramsay

c. 1770

A full-length portrait showing George III in robes of the Order of the Garter, situated in front of a classical, draped column and standing on a slight dais covered in an elaborately figured carpet. He wears the Order of the Garter and his body is turned in pleasing contrapposto, his proper right hand on his hip, his proper left hand resting on a portion of his robes spread over a table beside him.

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King George III

(1738-1820)

Painting by Allan Ramsay

c. 1770

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King George II

(1683-1760)

George was born in Hanover (modern day Germany) in 1683. At the age of 22, Prince George Augustus of Hanover married Caroline of Ansbach (in Modern day Germany) in 1705. Two decades later in 1727, George became King of Great Britain, and Ireland, he was 44. During his time on the throne he managed the Jacobite Rebellion and the Seven Years War (French and Indian war in North America). In 1760 George died at the age of 77.

Painting by Charles Jervas - c. 1727

Portrait of King George II, King of Great Britain 1683-1760. The painting is a companion portrait to the one opposite of his wife Queen Caroline. The artist painted George II standing full length in state robes, wearing the collar of the Order of the Garter, holding the scepter, with the orb and crown on a cushion beside him. These elements are all representative of his role as King.

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King George II

(1683-1760)

Painting by Charles Jervas

c. 1727

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Coffeehouse

Sign

We do not know what the sign at Charlton’s Coffeehouse would have looked like. When we came to design the sign we used a British sign called the “Dish of Coffee Boy” as inspiration. That British sign is dated to 1692 and was made up of 12 delft tiles showing a young male waiter pouring coffee from a coffee pot into a dish. The sign for Williamsburg’s Coffeehouse highlighted the main feature of the British sign, the coffeepot, but reproduced in a less expensive way as paint on wood.

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Coffeehouse

Sign

The design on the two-sided sign was based on the design on a 17th-century delft tile sign in London.

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Coffeehouse

Beams

Original rafters from the 1750s structure were saved after the structure was demolished in the 1880s. The rafters provided invaluable information for the reconstruction of the Coffeehouse. They not only informed the type of joinery and wood species used, but also told us the slope of the roof, type of sheathing, shingles, and the presence of dormers. Every mark on the rafters helped tell the story of the structure and what it looked like.

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Coffeehouse

Beams

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Horses at Colonial Williamsburg

Here we see Watt (played by Director of Coach and Livestock Undra Jeter) working with a pair of horses, called ground driving. Ground driving is used to teach the horse to understand commands given via the reins without the rider being on its back. Watt and the other coachmen would spend their day training horses, driving coaches, and taking care of the horses owned by Peyton Randolph. Horses played a very important role in the eighteenth century. They were used for all forms of land transport, some being used for pulling carriages, coaches, and wagons, while others were used for recreation and racing.

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Queen Caroline Wilhelmina of Brandenburg-Ansbach

(1683-1760)

Caroline was born in 1683 in Ansbach (modern day Germany), daughter of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (the hereditary ruler of the region). In 1705 she married Prince George Augustus of Hanover, who was to later to become King George II of Great Britain. Caroline had 10 children, 7 of whom lived to adulthood. Caroline died at the age of 54 in 1737, at St. James’s Palace London.

Painting by Charles Jervas - 1727

The painting is a companion portrait to the one opposite of her husband George II. The sumptuousness of her dress, gold embroidery and ermine fur, as well as her hand on the crown reinforce her Royal status.

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Queen Caroline Wilhelmina of Brandenburg-Ansbach

(1683-1760)

Painting by Charles Jervas

1727

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William Randolph

(1650 - 1711)

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Mary Isham Randolph

(1658-1735)

*note: There is a possibility that this portrait actually represents Elizabeth Beverley Randolph (Mrs. William Randolph II).

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Coffeehouse Sign

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Coffeehouse Beams

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Coffeehouse Sign

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Pewter Inkstand

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Coffeehouse

Door

The doors in the reconstructed Coffeehouse were copied from four original doors in the architectural collection. These were recovered from the 18th-century Coffeehouse, the one in the picture being an exterior door. This door is particularly interesting because it had a complete paint stratigraphy (layers) that was important in determining color of the building and doors. Most of the other surviving architectural elements had only parts of their paint layers intact.

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Coffeehouse Beams

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Paint Samples

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Coffeehouse

Bricks

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Coffeehouse

Door

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Coffeehouse

Door

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Coffeehouse

Bricks

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Coffeehouse

Bricks

Text about the Bricks...

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Coffeehouse

Sign

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Paint Samples

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Paint Samples

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Coffeehouse

Bricks

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Coffeehouse

Door

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This building was a general utility building for storing larger items like wooden boards and old furniture. It probably was where some of Ben’s garden implements like wheelbarrows, hoes, axes, rakes and forks were stored, as well as large storage items like old barrels and tubs.

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Little Aggy was likely the laundress of the house. Laundry work was a manual task that required hauling heavy piles of wood, carrying tubs of water, and moving wet clothes. Little Aggy would have worked in the laundry keeping the fires going to make hot water, and the tedious task of washing, scrubbing, rinsing, and drying clothes and linens. Little Aggy’s young daughter Kitty probably worked as a scullery maid, doing hard, dirty work like cleaning the kitchen, and scrubbing and polishing the many pots, pans, and cooking utensils used to make the Randolphs' elaborate meals. Betsey, a little girl, probably performed lighter tasks around the laundry, kitchen, and dairy. Little Aggy, Kitty, and Betsey would have lived together in the room above the Laundry.

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As head cook, Betty performed the very important role as the cook for the whole Randolph household. She would have overseen the kitchen, the room where food for the whole household and guests was prepared. In this role Betty was important to the management of the people and the mechanics of running the house. Betty would have a broad knowledge of cooking skills using all sorts of kitchen implements like pots, pans, plates, skillets, and kettles. Betty would have been supported by an undercook like Charlotte as they prepared and plated the elaborate meals expected in an elite household. Betty probably lived in the rooms above the kitchen with her seven-year-old son Robert along with Great Aggy and her eight-year-old son Henry, and other members of the household. Bob and Henry probably spent their day helping with simple chores in the kitchen, as well as fetching and carrying.

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Moses was probably the carter who transported food between Randolph’s urban household and his plantation at Martin’s Hundred, as well as to other locations. Preparing grain was an exhausting task. The grain was processed by threshing it from its husk. The processed grain was stored in this building to keep it dry, and the building might also store other crops such a corn and root vegetables. Moses would have worked closely with the kitchen where the corn would ultimately have to be ground into flour so it could be baked into bread or made into hominy.

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In her role as undercook, one of Charlotte’s tasks may have been to look after the smoked meats and fish. In that case, she would have worked in this small ‘smokehouse’ building. It was constructed around a central brick firebox where a slow burning fire sent smoke up into the roof space. Charlotte would have to hang pork and fish on the rafters of the roof so that the fumes from the fire would cure or ‘smoke’ it. Smokehouses were common outbuildings in southern households that could afford them. They were built separate from the main building because of the danger of smokehouses catching fire.

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In her role as undercook, one of Charlotte’s tasks may have been to look after the smoked meats and fish. In that case, she would have worked in this small ‘smokehouse’ building. It was constructed around a central brick firebox where a slow burning fire sent smoke up into the roof space. Charlotte would have to hang pork and fish on the rafters of the roof so that the fumes from the fire would cure or ‘smoke’ it. Smokehouses are common outbuildings in southern households that could afford them. They were built separate from the main building because of the danger of smokehouses catching fire.

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Lucy was possibly a dairy maid at the Randolph house. As a dairy maid, Lucy’s job would have been to take care of the milk, butter, and cheese that were stored there, not an easy job in the hot Williamsburg summers. Lucy would have kept the dairy clean and in good order, as well as performing hard manual tasks like churning milk into butter.

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Agnes, known as ‘Great Aggy’, was baptized at Bruton Parish on July 1, 1753. Her son Henry was also baptized at Bruton Parish on August 14, 1768. Peyton Randolph left ‘Great Aggy’ and her children to Betty Randolph in his August 1774 will. She was assigned a value of £60 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Peyton Randolph's estate in York County. Agnes and her son Henry joined the British for a period of time during the Revolution. The widow Randolph bequeathed “Great Aggy” and Henry to her niece, Elizabeth Rickman when she wrote her will in June 1780. Rickman’s husband William was the chief physician for the Continental Hospital and lived near Williamsburg in 1780. After the end of the Revolution the Rickmans returned to their home in Weyanoke Parish, Charles City County. It is likely that they took Agnes and Henry to Charles City County after the death of Betty Randolph in January 1783.

Here we show Agnes as a chambermaid played by Deirdre Jones Cardwell. Chambermaids cleaned and tidied the private rooms of the house, chiefly the bedchambers. They also warmed beds, made and tended fires, and opened and shut windows in these rooms.

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Jack was assigned a value of £25 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Jack was undoubtedly a liveried servant of some sort because Edward Charlton’s Account Book indicated that Jack wore a (relatively inexpensive) brown bob wig, the only type purchased for domestics in this account book. Jack’s assigned value is not especially high, but there is evidence that waiting boys’ hair was cut short, so he is probably a man or in mid-teens by 1771. Since his assigned value does not seem high enough to be a valet, Jack probably was a waiting man or perhaps a postilion who sometimes assisted in serving. Waiting men performed a variety of functions: answering the door, keeping the fires going, setting an elaborate table, waiting at table, running errands, and accompanying family members when they traveled, among other duties. They mastered social protocol and cared for valuable objects, but their work in the house meant they had little privacy. A postilion was the left-hand horse rider in a team of coach horses.

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Katy was assigned a value of £20 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's estate in York County. She was the daughter of Lucy. Katy either died before her mother and brother Peter ran to the British or decided not to try to seek her freedom from the enemy. Given her age, Katy might have been learning to be a chambermaid. Chambermaids cleaned and tidied the private rooms of the house, chiefly the bedchambers. They also warmed beds, made and tended fires, and opened and shut windows in these rooms.

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George was the son of Eve and was baptized in July 1766. He was assigned a value of £30 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. In her June 1780 will, Betty Randolph bequeathed George and his mother to her niece, Ann Copeland of Charles City County. This enslaved boy and his mother were two of the Randolph slaves who ran to the enemy during the Revolution. George returned to Williamsburg and was a part of Betty Randolph's household until her death in January 1783. It is likely that Ann Copeland moved George to Charles City County after her aunt’s will was probated in February 1783. It is possible that George was one of the Randolph’s waiting boys. Waiting boys, who acted as companion to a boy or young man in the family, also waited at table and performed other domestic duties as they trained to be waiting men.

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Moses was found not guilty of stealing from Elizabeth Doran, wife of John Doran of Bruton Parish in February 1764. Moses was the father of Jane Maloney, who was born on December 14, 1768, the illegitimate daughter of Elizabeth Maloney. Jane Maloney was baptized on January 2, 1769. It is likely that Moses was also the father of Moses Carter, the illegitimate son born to Maloney in January of 1767. On January 27, 1774 John Lewis advertised that he had "great Reason to suspect" that his runaway mulatto slave girl Fanny "had been harboured by a Negroe Fellow named Moses, belonging to Peyton Randolph, Esq; about his Quarter of Martin's Hundred, from whence I suppose, she will endeavour to cross the York to go to her relations in Middlesex." This suggests that Moses was able to travel between Randolph's house in Williamsburg and his plantation at Martin's Hundred. Moses was assigned a value of £60 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Peyton Randolph's York County estate. Moses was almost certainly a carter who transported goods between Randolph’s urban household and his plantation at Martin’s Hundred, as well as to other locations.

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Caesar was assigned a value of £30 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Randolph's executors sold Caesar to Charles Taliaferro of Williamsburg on 3 June 1776 for £60. Taliaferro lived on the James City County side of Williamsburg. He kept Caesar at his town lot until 1783. Caesar appeared on the 1784 to 1786 James City County Personal Property Tax Lists as one of Taliaferro’s slaves. We don’t know Caesar's occupation, but because Taliaferro made riding chairs, carriages, and harness, it seems likely that Caesar would have been working in the Randolphs’ stable. He might have been one of the Randolphs’ postilions (left hand horse rider in a team of coach horses), a position which would have required him to wear the Randolph livery (uniform).

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Robert was baptized in November of 1751. He was assigned a value of £25 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's estate in York County. We know nothing more of Robert, but it seems plausible he could have worked in the garden, kitchen, or stable.

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At first glance the Covered way is simply a connecting corridor between the main house and the quarters, kitchen and laundry. It connected the more ‘tedious’ tasks of the kitchen and laundry with the ‘polite’ ones in the main house. This was probably an attempt to make the main house look more like the large, planned houses of Virginia. It also had the effect of separating the yard from the main street, creating a more enclosed and private yard area.

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Enslaved domestic servants often slept close to where they worked. The Randolph quarter was no exception. Despite the sparse conditions, the enslaved found ways to celebrate their humanity and culture and pass it on to future generations. Downstairs were the working spaces – kitchen and laundry. Many of the 27 enslaved at the house would have slept here, particularly those who worked on the first floor like Betty, Great Aggy and their children. In this space they would have had a small amount of privacy and family time.

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This small building was used to store anything not currently in use. We have a list of its contents at the time of Peyton Randolph’s death. The inventory shows the building mostly stored kitchen and household goods, probably because of its close location to the kitchen. Smaller children like Watt and Bob would have been a familiar sight in this building. Children were constantly used for light fetching and carrying.

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Raising chickens for the dinner table was an easy way for the household to economize. On Market days, chickens and eggs would have been sold at the Market House, directly across Market Square from the Peyton Randolph House. Enslaved people were sometimes allowed to raise and sell chickens to generate income for themselves.

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Ben was likely a gardener at the house. Small kitchen gardens for growing vegetables like this were a common feature of Williamsburg households. Enslaved people like Ben would have worked closely with Betty, growing and pulling vegetables at her request to be used in the kitchen. William was possibly Ben’s assistant helping him do the back-breaking manual work of tending to the gardens, hoeing, raking, seeding and pulling vegetables.

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This building, like the lumber house, was a storehouse probably for garden implements and bulk items like old bedsteads and timber. For those who worked in the gardens like Ben, it would also have been the place where they slept.

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Eve was the mother of George who was baptized on July 6, 1766. She was assigned a value of £100 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. The widow Randolph bequeathed Eve and George to her niece, Ann Copeland, in her June 1780 will. It is likely that Eve and George ran to join the British in 1781 and that Eve did not return to Williamsburg. In the July 1782 codicil to her will Randolph noted that she had been forced to sell Eve because of her “bad behavior.” The money from the sale was to be used to buy an enslaved girl for Ann Copeland and an enslaved boy for her nephew Peyton Harrison.

Here we show Eve as a lady’s maid played by Hope Wright. The lady’s maid was the personal attendant of a white female in the family. The lady’s maid took care of her owner’s clothing, helped her dress, ran errands, and went everywhere with her.

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Roger was seven years old when he was a student at the Bray School in September of 1762. He was also a student of Ann Wager’s in November 1765. It is possible that Roger was the son of one of the women in the Randolph household. Roger was assigned a value of £60 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's estate in York County. The executors of Randolph's estate sold Roger to David Ross of Petersburg on December 21, 1779 for £ 1600.
Here we show Roger as a waiting man wearing expensive green and red livery, played by Jamar Jones. Waiting men performed a variety of functions: answering the door, keeping the fires going, setting an elaborate table, waiting at table, running errands, and accompanying family members when they traveled, among other duties. They mastered social protocol and cared for valuable objects, but their work in the house meant they had little privacy.
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William was the son of Succordia, and was baptized at Bruton Parish on November 6, 1763. He was assigned a value of £30 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Although we do not know what role William had, it is possible he was an assistant gardener.
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We know Ben was assigned a value of £80 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's York County estate, but beyond that we cannot say. He could have been one of the gardeners in the household. Gardeners were considered valuable because their knowledge included landscape design, as well as an intimate knowledge of how to raise and maintain useful and ornamental plants.
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Moses was found not guilty of stealing from Elizabeth Doran, wife of John Doran of Bruton Parish in February 1764. Moses was the father of Jane Maloney, who was born on December 14, 1768, the illegitimate daughter of Elizabeth Maloney. . Jane Maloney was baptized on January 2, 1769. It is likely that Moses was also the father of Moses Carter, the illegitimate son born to Maloney in January of 1767. On January 27, 1774 John Lewis advertised that he had "great Reason to suspect" that his runaway mulatto slave girl Fanny "had been harboured by a Negroe Fellow named Moses, belonging to Peyton Randolph, Esq; about his Quarter of Martin's Hundred, from whence I suppose, she will endeavour to cross the York to go to her relations in Middlesex." This suggests that Moses was able to travel between Randolph's house in Williamsburg and his plantation at Martin's Hundred. Moses was assigned a value of £60 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Peyton Randolph's York County estate. Moses was almost certainly a carter who transported goods between Randolph’s urban household and his plantation at Martin’s Hundred, as well as to other locations.
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Watt is recorded going to the Printing Office in 1764 to buy a tobacco pamphlet for Peyton Randolph – a trusted role. He was assigned a value of £100 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's estate in York County.
We don’t know what Watt’s occupation was, so we show him here as a coachman training coach horses, a skilled occupation. Coachmen were held in a trusted capacity, as they were often sent on unsupervised errands that took them away from the city. Coachmen cared for expensive vehicles and animals. Here we show Watt as a coachman in livery (uniform) played by Undra Jeter.
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Lucy was baptized on April 1, 1751. Peyton Randolph bequeathed Lucy and her children Katy and Peter to his wife Betty in his August 18, 1774 will. She was assigned a value of £60 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Lucy and her son Peter ran to the British during the Revolution. Lucy returned to Williamsburg, but Peter did not rejoin the Randolph household. The widow Randolph bequeathed Lucy and her children to her nephew Harrison Randolph, a resident of Charles City County. Lucy probably worked in a domestic role like dairy maid. Dairy maids preserved the milk and cream and made dairy products like cheese. Maintaining cleanliness was an important part of her job.
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Watt (younger) was assigned a value of £25 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Betty Randolph described him as a mulatto boy when she bequeathed him to her nephew Carter Harrison in her 1780 will. It is likely that Harrison moved Watt to Berkeley Plantation after the death of Betty Randolph in January 1783. Watt may have been a waiting boy. Waiting boys, who sometimes acted as companion to a boy or young man in the family, also waited at table and performed other domestic duties as they trained to be waiting men.
Alternately, Watt might have assisted in the stable or garden.
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The daughter of Little Aggy, Betsey was appraised at £10 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Betty Randolph bequeathed later Betsey to her nephew Benjamin Harrison, a resident of Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County. It is likely that Harrison moved Betsey, her mother, and her brother to Charles City County after the death of Betty Randolph in January 1783. Betsey was young , so she might have performed lighter tasks around the laundry, kitchen, dairy, and house.
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Caesar was assigned a value of £30 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Randolph's executors sold Caesar to Charles Taliaferro of Williamsburg on 3 June 1776 for £60. Taliaferro lived on the James City County side of Williamsburg. He kept Caesar at his town lot until 1783. Caesar appeared on the 1784 to 1786 James City County Personal Property Tax Lists as one of Taliaferro’s slaves. We don’t know Caesar's occupation, but because Taliaferro made riding chairs, carriages, and harness, it seems likely that Caesar would have been working in the Randolphs’ stable. He might have been one of the Randolphs’ postilions (left hand horse rider in a team of coach horses), a position which would have required him to wear the Randolph livery (uniform).
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Peyton Randolph bequeathed Caesar, the son of Sue, to his nephew Harrison Randolph in his will dated August 18, 1774. Caesar was appraised at £25 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Caesar’s occupation is not recorded, but he may have been a waiting boy to Harrison Randolph, the son of Betty Randolph’s sister Lucy. Lucy, who lived in London, sent her son to live in Virginia in the 1760s, quite possibly with Peyton Randolph. Waiting boys, who acted as companion to a boy or young man in the family, also waited at table and performed other domestic duties as they trained to be waiting men.
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“Little Aggy" was seven years old when she was a student at the Bray School in September 1762. Peyton Randolph bequeathed 19-year-old ‘Little Aggy’ and her children to his wife Betty in his August 1774 will. Two years later she was assigned a value of £60 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Peyton Randolph's estate in York County. The widow Randolph willed “a Mulatto Woman called little Aggy, her Daughter Betsy her son Nathan…” to her nephew Benjamin Harrison of Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County in her June 1780 will. It is likely that Harrison moved Agnes, Nathan, and Betsy to Charles City County after the death of Betty Randolph in January 1783. We do not know Little Aggy’s exact role, but women of her age worked in roles like laundresses. Laundresses were responsible for the cleaning, drying, and ironing of washable textiles.
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Billy was baptized on 2 July 1749. He was assigned a value of £100 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Billy joined the British troops during the Revolution. There is no evidence that he ever returned to the Randolph house in Williamsburg.
We are uncertain what role Billy played in the household, but we show him here as a highly skilled domestic or waiting man. Waiting men performed a variety of functions: answering the door, keeping the fires going, setting an elaborate table, waiting at table, running errands, and accompanying family members when they traveled, among other duties. They mastered social protocol and cared for valuable objects, but their work in the house meant they had little privacy. Waiting men who served at table heard all of the dinnertime conversation and learned information useful to the enslaved community.
Here we show Billy as a skilled domestic played by Jamar Jones.
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Watt is recorded going to the Printing Office in 1764 to buy a tobacco pamphlet for Peyton Randolph – a trusted role. He was assigned a value of £100 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's estate in York County.
We don’t know what Watt’s occupation was, so we show him here as a coachman training coach horses, a skilled occupation. Coachmen were held in a trusted capacity, as they were often sent on unsupervised errands that took them away from the city. Coachmen cared for expensive vehicles and animals. Here we show Watt as a coachman in livery (uniform) played by Undra Jeter.
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Succordia was the mother of William who was baptized on November 6, 1763. She was assigned a value of £10 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Succordia was described as an “old woman” on the 1783 list of slaves at Martin's Hundred. She last appeared on the 1786 James City County Personal Property Tax List.
Here we show Succordia as the wise elder of the household. ‘Mama Succordia’ is played by Margarette Joyner. Older women were given less strenuous work to do, depending on their abilities. They might look after some of the children, spin, mend, or assist with other tasks.
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Betty was described as a child belonging to Susannah Randolph (Peyton Randolph’s mother) at the time of her baptism on June 3, 1754. She was the mother of Robert who was baptized on January 1, 1769. Betty was assigned a value of £100 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate.
Betty was probably a skilled cook, and as such she would have had to juggle all sorts of tasks, as well teaching others, such as Charlotte the undercook. The cook prepared breakfast, dinner (the most elaborate meal of the day), and supper for the family and their guests. Here we show Betty as head cook played by Margarette Joyner.
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Sam was a student at the Bray School in November of 1765 and February 1769. It is possible that he was the son of Great Aggy. Sam was assigned a value of £40 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. He ran away and joined the British. As an educated person, we might expect Sam to have played a role as a waiting man in the Randolph house. Waiting men performed a variety of functions: answering the door, keeping the fires going, setting an elaborate table, waiting at table, running errands, and accompanying family members when they traveled, among other duties. They mastered social protocol and cared for valuable objects, but their work in the house meant they had little privacy.
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Peter was assigned a value of £15 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Peter and his mother Lucy ran to the British during the Revolution. There is no evidence that he returned to the Randolph household. Peter’s assigned value might suggest that he had a role like that of a house servant or waiting boy. Waiting boys, who sometimes acted as companion to a boy or young man in the family, also waited at table and performed other domestic duties as they trained to be waiting men.
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Henry was the son of Great Aggy and was baptized on August 14, 1768. He was assigned a value of £30 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. When the widow Randolph wrote her will in June of 1780, she left Henry and Great Aggy to her niece Elizabeth Rickman. William Rickman, the husband of Randolph’s niece, was the chief physician for the Continental Hospital and lived near Williamsburg in 1780. Henry and his mother joined the British during the Revolution. After the end of the Revolution, the Rickmans returned to their home in Weyanoke Parish, Charles City County. It is likely that they moved Great Aggy and Henry to Charles City County after the death of Betty Randolph in January 1783. Henry was aged eight in 1776, so probably too young to handle heavy work. He probably helped with some of the lighter work in the kitchen, garden, or stable.
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Roger was seven years old when he was a student at the Bray School in September of 1762. He was also a student of Ann Wager’s in November 1765. It is possible that Roger was the son of one of the women in the Randolph household. Roger was assigned a value of £60 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's estate in York County. The executors of Randolph's estate sold Roger to David Ross of Petersburg on December 21, 1779 for £ 1600.
Here we show Roger as a waiting man wearing expensive green and red livery, played by Jamar Jones. Waiting men performed a variety of functions: answering the door, keeping the fires going, setting an elaborate table, waiting at table, running errands, and accompanying family members when they traveled, among other duties. They mastered social protocol and cared for valuable objects, but their work in the house meant they had little privacy.
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Charlotte was assigned a value of £80 in the January 5, 1776. inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Betty Randolph described her as a mulatto girl when she wrote her will in June 1780. The widow Randolph bequeathed Charlotte to her niece Lucy Randolph, the daughter of her sister (and possibly a resident of Henrico County). In the codicil to her will dated July 20, 1782 Randolph noted that she had lent Charlotte to her nephew Harrison Randolph during her lifetime. She left Charlotte's son, Thomas Prouce, to Harrison Randolph to cover the expenses of taking care of Charlotte, Thomas Prouce, and any other children Charlotte might bear. Charlotte was quite valuable, worth almost as much as Betty and the most skilled men. It is possible she was in a valued position like the undercook.
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Eve was the mother of George who was baptized on July 6, 1766. She was assigned a value of £100 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. The widow Randolph bequeathed Eve and George to her niece, Ann Copeland, in her June 1780 will. It is likely that Eve and George ran to join the British in 1781 and that Eve did not return to Williamsburg. In the July 1782 codicil to her will Randolph noted that she had been forced to sell Eve because of her “bad behavior.” The money from the sale was to be used to buy an enslaved girl for Ann Copeland and an enslaved boy for her nephew Peyton Harrison.
Here we show Eve as a lady’s maid played by Hope Wright. The lady’s maid was the personal attendant of a white female in the family. The lady’s maid took care of her owner’s clothing, helped her dress, ran errands, and went everywhere with her.
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We first hear of John Harris from sources that say “Johnny” ran several errands for Peyton Randolph in the 1760s. He bought sealing wax and paper at the Printing Office (in 1764 and 1765) and received a tip of £ 0.3.9 from William Marshman, Governor Botetourt's butler, in April 1769. Randolph took his “man Johnny” and an enslaved boy to Philadelphia in 1775. Thomas Jefferson tipped Harris seven shillings and six pence five days after Randolph’s death. Randolph bequeathed Johnny to his nephew, Edmund Randolph. “Johnny” was assigned a value of £100 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's estate in York County. In December 1777 Edmund Randolph offered a reward for the return of Harris who had run away. He noted in the Virginia Gazette notice that he would:
“…give a reward of five dollars, besides what the law allows, to any person who will apprehend Johnny, otherwise called John Harris, a mulatto man slave who formerly waited upon my uncle, the late Peyton Randolph, Esq; and secure him, so that I may get him again. He took with him, when he went away, a green broadcloth coat, and a new crimson waistcoat and breeches, a light coloured Bath coating great coat, a London brown bath coating close bodied coat, a pair of old crimson cloth breeches, and some changes of clothes. He is about five feet seven or eight inches high, wears straight hair, cut in his neck, is much addicted to drinking, has grey eyes, can read and write tolerably well, and may probably endeavour to pass for a freeman. The above reward of five dollars will be given if he is taken in Virginia, but five pounds, besides what the law allows, will be paid to any person who apprehends him out of Virginia, and conveys him to me.”
The fact that the younger Randolph mentioned a reward for someone who found John Harris in a place other than Virginia suggests that he believed Harris might try to leave the state. The trip that Harris took to Philadelphia in 1775 exposed him to life in the largest city in North America, a city with a large, thriving free black population. It is possible that he returned to Philadelphia to renew contacts with friends and to try to pass as a free man. There is no evidence that Randolph regained possession of John Harris.
Here we see John Harris in his probable role as waiting man or valet to Peyton Randolph. Virginians called enslaved male domestics waiting men, and the personal servant of the owner was sometimes (not usually) called a valet to distinguish his important role. The personal manservant dressed his owner, ran important errands, and accompanied his owner everywhere. He was constantly on call and had little privacy. John Harris is played by Willy Wright.
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Braches was appraised at £10 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's estate in York County. The notation "dead" after his name on the inventory indicated that he died soon after this document was written. It is possible that Braches was Igbo or Igbo-descended. His name might have been the more common Breechy or Breachy which is similar to mbreechi, used to describe leaders who were scarified with ichi marks or “marks of grandeur.” In 1776 it was likely Braches was too old or infirm to work so he probably did light tasks.
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William was the son of Succordia, and was baptized at Bruton Parish on November 6, 1763. He was assigned a value of £30 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Although we do not know what role William had, it is possible he was an assistant gardener.
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Peyton Randolph bequeathed Caesar, the son of Sue, to his nephew Harrison Randolph in his will dated August 18, 1774. Caesar was appraised at £25 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Caesar’s occupation is not recorded, but he may have been a waiting boy to Harrison Randolph, the son of Betty Randolph’s sister Lucy. Lucy, who lived in London, sent her son to live in Virginia in the 1760s, quite possibly with Peyton Randolph. Waiting boys, who acted as companion to a boy or young man in the family, also waited at table and performed other domestic duties as they trained to be waiting men.
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Welcome to the Our Lives, Our Stories: Legacy of the Randolph Site 360° virtual tour from The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
In this tour, we learn about the humanity of the twenty-seven enslaved children, women, and men who lived, worked, and died at the Peyton Randolph house. This tour focuses on those who we know lived there in 1776 after Peyton Randolph’s death in 1775. It gives a voice to some of the people who are less well known, yet equally important to understanding the story of our shared past.
The tour includes a biographical sketch of each enslaved person who lived at the property, what we know about them, and what work we think they may have done.
Seven separate people portrayed by Colonial Williamsburg actor-interpreters come to life when you click on the personas in the rooms. Each of them tells a different personal story of an enslaved individual from an 18th century perspective.
You can also find the videos of these actor-interpreters with closed captioning by clicking on the yellow icon. You can access several interpretive tour videos with closed captioning by clicking on the blue icon.
The tour is broken into four major sections: The Peyton Randolph Lot, the Main House where the Randolph family lived along with some of the domestics, the Quarters where many of the enslaved worked and slept, and the Covered Way that connects the Main House and the Kitchen, Laundry, and Quarters.
You can click on the maps in the lower left corner to jump from location to location. The blue arc shows what you can see in the 360 location as you turn around.
It is recommended to use a computer for best results. We hope you enjoy this inside look at eighteenth-century life at the Peyton Randolph site.
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Kitty was appraised at £20 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Betty Randolph noted that she was the daughter of Little Aggy when she bequeathed this enslaved girl to her niece Elizabeth Harrison in her June 1780 will. Kitty was probably Little Aggy’s oldest child because she was assigned a value of £10 more than her sister Betsey in Randolph’s 1776 inventory. In addition, the widow Randolph separated Kitty from her mother when she wrote her will. Kitty may have worked as a scullery maid in the laundry. Scullery maids had a very dirty job. They scrubbed and polished the many pots, pans, and cooking utensils used in the making of the elaborate meals served in a household like the Randolphs’. They also cleaned the kitchen.
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Watt (younger) was assigned a value of £25 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Betty Randolph described him as a mulatto boy when she bequeathed him to her nephew Carter Harrison in her 1780 will. It is likely that Harrison moved Watt to Berkeley Plantation after the death of Betty Randolph in January 1783. Watt may have been a waiting boy. Waiting boys, who sometimes acted as companion to a boy or young man in the family, also waited at table and performed other domestic duties as they trained to be waiting men.
Alternately, Watt might have assisted in the stable or garden.
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We know Ben was assigned a value of £80 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's York County estate, but beyond that we cannot say. He could have been one of the gardeners in the household. Gardeners were considered valuable because their knowledge included landscape design, as well as an intimate knowledge of how to raise and maintain useful and ornamental plants.
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Lucy was baptized on April 1, 1751. Peyton Randolph bequeathed Lucy and her children Katy and Peter to his wife Betty in his August 18, 1774 will. She was assigned a value of £60 in the January 5, 1776 inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Lucy and her son Peter ran to the British during the Revolution. Lucy returned to Williamsburg, but Peter did not rejoin the Randolph household. The widow Randolph bequeathed Lucy and her children to her nephew Harrison Randolph, a resident of Charles City County. Lucy probably worked in a domestic role like dairy maid. Dairy maids preserved the milk and cream and made dairy products like cheese. Maintaining cleanliness was an important part of her job.
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This tour is dedicated to the memory of Historian Linda Rowe. Her career at Colonial Williamsburg encompassed fifty years until her retirement in 2017. Linda served as Historian in the Historical Research department, and her legacy lives on in the Historic Area as well as her work with Bruton Parish Church, and First Baptist Church.
Producer
Peter Inker
Developers
Rob Cloutier
Peter Inker
Content
Carol Gillam
Amanda Keller
James Zilius
Shelly Polansky
Janice Canaday
Kelly M. Brennan
Cathy Hellier
Director of Performance
Jamar Jones
Actors
Performances written and Developed by Cast
Jamar Jones as “Roger”
Deirdre Jones Cardwell as “Agnes”
Willie Wright as “John Harris”
Hope Wright as “Eve”
Margarette Joyner as “Mama Succordia”
Margarette Joyner as “Betty”
Jamar Jones as “Billy”
Undre Jeter as “Watt”
Willie Wright as "Caesar"
Video
Janice Canaday
Music
"Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child" traditional c. 1870
Marjie Southerland - Singer
Jeremy Morris - Drum
Testing
Chad Corman
Darcie Eggleston
Carol Marley
Tanya Morris
Geoff Hummel
Andrew Winfree
Felicity Meza-Luna
Marianne Martin
Analysis
Sara Paiva
This project was funded in part by a generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
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Billy was baptized on 2 July 1749. He was assigned a value of £100 in the January 5, 1776, inventory of Randolph's York County estate. Billy joined the British troops during the Revolution. There is no evidence that he ever returned to the Randolph house in Williamsburg.
We are uncertain what role Billy played in the household, but we show him here as a highly skilled domestic or waiting man. Waiting men performed a variety of functions: answering the door, keeping the fires going, setting an elaborate table, waiting at table, running errands, and accompanying family members when they traveled, among other duties. They mastered social protocol and cared for valuable objects, but their work in the house meant they had little privacy. Waiting men who served at table heard all of the dinnertime conversation and learned information useful to the enslaved community. Here we show Billy as a skilled domestic played by Jamar Jones.
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